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The world experienced its hottest year in 2023, with “climate records tumbling like dominoes” as the global average temperature reached almost 1.5C above pre-industrial levels, the European earth observation agency has said.
欧洲地球观测机构表示，2023年全球经历了最热的一年，“气候纪录像多米诺骨牌一样倒下”，全球平均气温比工业化前水平高出近1.5摄氏度。
Scientists from the Copernicus climate change service said that last year marked the first since records began in which every day was at least 1C warmer than pre-industrial levels, before human-induced climate change began to take effect.
哥白尼气候变化服务中心的科学家表示，去年是有记录以来第一次，每天的温度都比工业化前——也就是人类引起的气候变化开始产生影响之前——高出至少1摄氏度。
Almost half of the days of 2023 were 1.5C warmer, while two days in November were more than 2C hotter.
2023年几乎有一半的日子气温上升了1.5摄氏度，而11月有两天气温上升了2摄氏度以上。
The “unprecedented” global temperatures from June last year meant the average daily temperature of 14.98C was 0.17C higher than the previous hottest year of 2016, Copernicus said.
哥白尼方面表示，去年6月以来“前所未有”的全球气温意味着14.98摄氏度的日平均气温比最热的2016年高出0.17摄氏度。
Nick Dunstone, a climate scientist at the UK Met Office, said 2024 would be “another record-breaking year”, as a result of the continued strength of the naturally occurring El Niño effect, which heats the Pacific Ocean surface and exacerbates global warming caused by greenhouse gases.
英国气象局(UK Met Office)的气候科学家尼克•邓斯通(Nick Dunstone)表示，由于自然发生的厄尔尼诺(El Niño)效应持续强劲，2024年将是“又一个破纪录的年份”。厄尔尼诺效应会使太平洋表面升温，加剧温室气体造成的全球变暖。
The continued rise of greenhouse gases was “by far and away the largest contribution to global temperatures”, Copernicus deputy director Samantha Burgess said, with El Niño just “part of the story”.
哥白尼副主任萨曼莎•伯吉斯(Samantha Burgess)表示，温室气体的持续增加“无疑是导致全球气温上升的最大因素”，而厄尔尼诺只是“故事的一部分”。
Under the 2015 Paris agreement, countries committed to limiting long-term temperature rises to well below 2C and ideally to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.
根据2015年《巴黎协定》，各国承诺将长期气温上升幅度控制在远低于2摄氏度的水平，理想情况下比工业化前水平高出1.5摄氏度。
Although earth reached these temperatures repeatedly last year, those were short-term breaches and did not mean countries had failed to uphold the agreement on the long-term global average, Copernicus pointed out. But it warned that the high temperatures set “a dire precedent”.
哥白尼气候变化服务中心指出，尽管地球去年多次达到这样的温度，但这些都是暂时，并不意味着各国未能遵守关于长期全球平均温度的协议。但它警告说，高温开创了“一个可怕的先例”。
“Following the current trajectory, in a few years time the record breaking year of 2023 will probably be remembered as a cool year,” said Carlo Buontempo, director of the Copernicus climate change service.
哥白尼气候变化服务中心主任卡洛•布恩特波(Carlo Buontempo)说：“按照目前的轨迹，再过几年，2023年这个破纪录的年份可能会被认为是凉爽的一年。”
Mauro Facchini, head of earth observation at the European Commission’s directorate general for defence industry and space, said the data showed “yet more evidence of the increasing impacts of climate change”.
欧盟委员会(European Commission)国防工业和航天总局地球观测主管毛罗•法奇尼(Mauro Facchini)表示，这些数据显示出“更多证据表明，气候变化的影响越来越大”。
Scientists have warned that extreme weather events would become more frequent and intense as global warming continues and that urgent action must be taken to cut greenhouse gas emissions by almost 45 per cent by 2030 to limit warming to within 1.5C. It is now on track for almost 3C.
科学家警告称，随着全球变暖的持续，极端天气事件将变得更加频繁和剧烈，必须采取紧急行动，到2030年将温室气体排放量减少近45%，将升温控制在1.5摄氏度以内。目前，全球升温幅度已接近3摄氏度。
“Every tenth of a degree matters,” said Friederike Otto, senior lecturer in climate science at Imperial College London’s Grantham Institute. “Aiming to keep warming to 1.5C is more important than ever. But even if we end up at 1.6C instead, it will be so much better than giving up and not trying and ending up close to 3C, which is where current policies would bring us to.”
“哪怕0.1度也同样重要，”伦敦帝国理工学院(Imperial College London)格兰瑟姆研究所(Grantham Institute)气候科学高级讲师弗里德里克•奥托(Friederike Otto)说。“将升温控制在1.5摄氏度比以往任何时候都更重要。但即使我们最终升温了1.6摄氏度，也比放弃、不去尝试、最终升温接近3摄氏度要好得多，从目前的政策来看我们将升温3摄氏度。”
Earth experienced its hottest summer ever last year, with heatwaves, wildfires and flooding devastating many parts of the world, showing that governments were unprepared for the consequences of climate change, Otto said.
奥托表示，去年地球经历了有史以来最热的夏天，热浪、野火和洪水摧毁了世界许多地方，这表明各国政府对气候变化的后果没有做好准备。
Last month also ranked as the warmest December on record, making it the seventh month in a row to break records. The average temperature in December was 13.51C, 1.78C above the 1850-1900 level for the month.
上个月也是有记录以来最热的12月，这是连续第七个月打破记录。12月份的平均气温为13.51摄氏度，比1850至1900年同期的平均气温高出1.78摄氏度。
The historical and permanent nature of climate change reflected in the data was emphasised by Copernicus. “Temperatures during 2023 likely exceed those of any period in at least the last 100,000 years,” Burgess said.
哥白尼中心强调了数据所反映的气候变化的历史性和永久性。伯吉斯说：“2023年的温度可能超过至少过去10万年的任何时期。”
A breach of the long-term 1.5C limit is increasingly likely, she added. “We are likely to overshoot 1.5C . . . That’s the basic physics of the system and the amount of warming that is locked into the system.”
她补充说，突破1.5摄氏度长期限制的可能性越来越大。“我们可能会超过1.5摄氏度……这符合该系统以及锁定在该系统中的变暖量的基本物理原理。”
The scientist said global average sea surface temperatures were unusually high in 2023, reaching record levels for the time of year from April through December.
这位科学家表示，2023年全球平均海面温度异常高，达到了每年4月至12月这段时间的创纪录水平。
The El Niño effect has helped drive the higher temperatures over the past six months, but Copernicus said the natural phenomenon did not explain all of the increase in ocean surface temperatures, with record high sea surface temperatures outside of the equatorial Pacific as well.
在过去的六个月里，厄尔尼诺效应帮助推高的温度，但哥白尼中心表示，这种自然现象并不能解释海洋表面温度升高的全部原因，赤道太平洋以外的海洋表面温度也创下了历史新高。
The Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai volcano eruption in 2022 also contributed to last year’s warming, as it released a plume of water vapour which helped trap heat in the atmosphere.
2022年的洪阿汤加-洪阿哈阿帕伊岛(Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai)火山爆发也是去年变暖的原因之一，因为火山爆发释放出的水蒸气有助于将热量滞留在大气中。
Copernicus scientists observed that greenhouse gas concentrations have reached the highest levels ever recorded in the atmosphere, at 422 parts per million against an annual average of 280 ppm before the industrial era.
哥白尼中心的科学家观察到，大气中温室气体的浓度已经达到了有史以来的最高水平，达到了百万分之422，而工业时代之前的年平均浓度为百万分之280。